2021 Volkswagen ID.4 Pro S

My 2021 ID.4 has experienced two separate incidents of sudden, unintended forward acceleration while parking. In both cases, I was maneuvering at very low speeds (less than 5 mph) and transitioning from a stopped position, or from reverse into drive, with the intention to move forward only a few inches. But instead of creeping forward as normal, the vehicle suddenly jerked forward approximately one foot. In the first of two incidents (approx. October 2025), it crashed into the car in front of me. In a second incident (3/14/2026), it crashed into an EV charging station. This is a safety concern and may be related to steering wheel capacitive touch controls, possible unintended activation of adaptive cruise control (ACC) or “resume” function, or erroneous or overly sensitive input from the steering wheel control module. No warning signs or messages appeared prior to the failure. Luckily, no one, including my young children, stood directly in front of the vehicle during either of the incidents; otherwise, they may have incurred serious bodily injury or worse. I was also luckily unharmed in both incidents. I am immediately taking the car to the dealership for a full inspection.

I was slowing down to park the car when it lurched forward in high speed and smashed into the wall. The front collision warning never went off, and the emergency braking never came on. My foot was on the accelerator and lifting off to park at low speed like I do all the time, so it wasn't like I was trying to slam on the brakes and pressed on the accelerator by mistake. The car was serviced at the dealership less than a week ago, but VW pushed out an OTA update 2 days ago. I don't know if the OTA update has anything to do with this scary behavior, but I have not experienced anything like this before.

The onboard system for connecting the car to the 4g data has failed. Many many people online are reporting this issue. It is a safety issue because there is a loss of the SOS system that alerts authorities that the car has crashed. It also controls the onscreen road sigh display, which could lead to excessive speed and increase the likelihood of a crash. I have been working with VW Connected Car since October 2025 and it still has not been fixed. Here is link to some of the many complaints about this safety issue. [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

The contact owned a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated that while her husband was driving approximately 25 MPH, the brake pedal was depressed and there was a loud revving noise coming from the engine compartment. The vehicle then independently accelerated at full speed. The contact stated that her husband depressed the brake pedal several times, but the vehicle did not slow down, and the steering wheel locked, preventing the driver from steering the vehicle to safety. The vehicle then crashed into the back of another vehicle that was either stopped or was moving extremely slow. The contact’s husband sustained back, and neck injuries but had not sought medical intention. The insurance company informed the contact the that the other driver had since sought medical attention. A Police report was filed but was not available. The other vehicle was driven from the scene; however, the contact’s vehicle was towed to a tow lot where it was deemed a total loss. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 67,000.

The vehicle accelerated without control and crashed into the wall between my garage and the adjacent laundry room. That day someone could have easily been seriously hurt or killed. The problem was investigated but could not been reproduced. The vehicle was inspected by a team of investigators from the Manufacturer, VW. No warning signs or abnormal situations prior the the incident. The vehicle was in our possession and driven for 3 years, about 55k miles, no issues ever. The driver at the time is an experienced driver and familiar with the vehicle operation for three years.

I was driving my 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 Pro S on March 12, 2025, in Baltimore, Maryland, when I was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Although I maintained an adequate stopping distance from the truck in front of me, my forward collision warning, lane departure warning, and lane keeping assistance systems suddenly activated, causing my vehicle to make contact with the truck. My safety—and the safety of others—was compromised. My vehicle sustained front-end damage. This was not the first time these systems engaged without cause. I took my vehicle to Heritage Volkswagen Parkville (located in Carney, Maryland) due to unresolved recalls and these irregular system behaviors. The dealership claims that Volkswagen requires me to replace the tires, align the wheels, and install a new 12V battery before completing the recall work or troubleshooting the issue. I informed the service manager that the vehicle is unsafe to drive and that, under federal law, the dealership is obligated to complete the recall. He responded that the recall work cannot proceed until the tire replacement, alignment, and battery installation are completed. As of June 23, 2025, my vehicle remains at the dealership. I have unsuccessfully attempted to reach VW’s Customer CARE department. The vehicle is not safe. I believe VW is at fault.

The car completely stopped without warning. The dashboard lit up with all the lights and informed me that the I need to pull over. There was no time to pull over as the car completely lost all power. The car was traveling on the freeway. It would not start back up and I needed to call 911 for help. The tow truck could not get the car started and the CHP needed to run a traffic break to get it towed off the road. The dealer could only find an NV-energy management alarm triggered and said it was ok to drive again. The next day driving on [XXX], when returning to my car the car said the vehicle electrical system had an error and I could not power it on. I requested a tow and the car is currently at the service department. Of note is when the car was pulled off the freeway I was able to start it and drive it home like nothing happened. Again on [XXX], the car once at the dealership was able to be powered on and driven. There were no warning lights on the car after that. If the car would have stopped while travel at 65MPH, I think there could have been a major crash and it puts the safety of me the driver as well as the other drivers around me as great risk. I have never felt uncomfortable traveling on the highway until this happened. I would never expect a car to completely shut off while travel on the highway with no way of pulling over to the side of the road. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

I was pulling into a parking space and slowly moving forward to get to the front of the space. The car spurted forward about 2 feet with force and crashed into a cement based light standard. There was significant damage to the front end. No injuries. Airbag did not inflate. Vehicle is currently at body shop but no one has looked at the 'black box'. Geico rep and adjuster at the body shop have looked at the car. Safety was at risk due to crashing in to a solid object. Fortunately I was going slow when it accelerated and did not have enough time or space to cause injuries

I was driving at 35 mph when the front doors began unlocking and locking rapidly three times, then both front doors fell open ajar, at the same time the screen went grey with a triangle! icon as an audile alarm went off then the drivers side curtain airbag deployed forcing the steering wheel to the right causing the vehicle to collide head on into an electric utility pole. I tried to brake but was pushed by airbag from brake pedal. I was wearing a seat belt but suffered an burn from the airbag on right inner forearm that was impression of VW logo and has resulted in lasting scar, I had modest right wrist sprain and right shin contusion, abrasion. The vehicle rolled back in the road and was towed and later totaled by insurance. The automatic braking detection nor any other airbag deployed on collision.

My infotainment and instrument panel displays have frozen or reset multiple times while driving. On one occasion, my air conditioning came out at a high speed, the volume of my radio went up and all of my indicators came on. Luckily I was able to pull over to avoid a crash, but needless to say it was horrifying. I took the car in for service, and they assured me they had reset the OS, and I'd be fine. That extreme of an instance hasn't occurred since, but the infotainment display does still go black, freeze or reset from time to time. Every time, I schedule an appointment to fix the recall, the VW Service cancels my appointment, saying updates keep crashing for other customers. I also receive VW app notifications that my AC is on when I'm not even in the car. Same with the door locks, I constantly receive notifications that my car is unclocked when I know I've locked it and am inside my house. The other main issues with the door handles is the passenger doors often only open after multiple lock and unlock attempts via button the inside the car, bc the fob doesn't always work. Even with new batteries. Again, I've scheduled service appointments to fix the recall, and they cancel it saying they don't have the parts. It's been almost a year, I've been dealing with both of these issues.

Vehicle had a complete failure due to electrical issues and was brought to dealership. It was apparently due to recall issues which were repaired. The vehicle was returned 2 weeks ago. Today, shortly after exiting a highway, while traveling approx. 15-20mph then vehicle completely shut down. It stopped suddenly and unexpectedly and went into neutral. I could not put the car back into drive or park. The dash indicated electrical issues, airbag issues, collision sensors, brake issues and said “vehicle must not be towed”. Vehicle is currently at dealership.

This problem is very intermittent but also very dangerous. It's happened to me three times in the last month. All three times, while I was making a left hand turn, the accelerator stopped working. One time, I was making a left turn in front of 45 MPH oncoming traffic. My left turn was legal as I had plenty of room to complete my turn before the oncoming traffic arrived. My car started the turn then stopped when my car had turned to the left but was in the middle of the intersection with the right side of my car facing the oncoming traffic. I took my foot off the accelerator then pressed down on it again and the car moved forward and out of the intersection which saved me from an accident. The other two times, I didn't come close to an accident but as I was about to accelerate, nothing happened and I had to take my foot off the accelerator and then press down on it again for my car to move. Had there been cars coming from my right, I could have been in a collision. I took my car to the local VW dealer who said they haven't heard of this problem and will run diagnostics. I doubt the diagnostics will find a problem that only occurs a few times a month. I did a search on the internet and found a site where multiple VW ID.4 owners were complaining about this same problem. Some had the issue turning right, not left. I'll attach the document that shows the other complaints as well as the web site link.

When accelerating from stop the vehicle loses power. If the accelerator is depressed further the power does not return. However, when the accelerator is released then depressed again power returns. In our case this has happened seven (7) times. The occurrence is random and is not limited to a specific location. It has occurred on the interstate highway when approaching the traffic on an onramp as well as in town driving. On two (20 of the seven (7) occasions automobiles following have had to emergency brake to prevent a rear end collision. Losing power when merging into traffic on an interstate could pose significant safety hazards to oncoming traffic as well as the vehicle merging. The problem has been brought to the dealer's attention but they have not been able to reproduce it. It has not been inspected by police or insurance because accidents have been avoided. I have owned the car for 14 months and the occurrence is random.

My car's display screen which shows the speed has now malfunctioned twice while driving and today while reversing the car, the center screen displaying the rear camera also reset mid-driving. In both cases, I turned off the car waited a few minutes, restarted the car twice and then the display came back on but who knows when the display will crash again. I have reported this issue to VW and to a local dealership, this issue is associated with a current active safety recall on the vehicle for which VW has no remedy. This has been the status quo for over 3 months. I wonder if actual accidents have to take place and people have to die before NHITSA will issue a vehicle recall for my model of ID.4 as I am genuinely scared to use my vehicle anymore and VW HAS NO IDEA WHEN IT WILL RELEASE OR DEVELOP A REMEDY. Hence I request you to please use your powers to urge the manufacturer to issue a vehicle recall as the current issue poses a MAJOR risk for drivers and other cars on the road. Please don't ignore this request as this could be quiet dangerous.

The contact owns a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated while driving at approximately 35 MPH, the "Travel Assist" and the "Forward Collision Avoidance" system warning lights illuminated. The contact stated that while drifting into the lane in the past there was a vibration in the steering wheel to alert the driver. The contact stated that the steering wheel no longer vibrated while the warning light was illuminated. Additionally, the contact stated that the front passenger’s side occupant air bag sensor warning was displayed and stated that the sensor was off, with an occupant seated in the seat. The contact had taken the vehicle to a local dealer who diagnosed the failure with the Forward Collision Avoidance and the Travel Assist and a software update was performed. The contact stated that for the passenger’s side air bag sensor to be diagnosed, the dealer needed to remove the seat to determine the cause of the failure. The seat sensor was not repaired. The contact stated that the failure of the Forward Collision Avoidance and the travel assist had reoccurred. The manufacturer was not informed of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 30,000.

I was driving on a highway using the cars adaptive cruise control, when the car suddenly without warning slammed on the brakes. This caused me to be rear ended by a car behind me. The automatic emergency braking system had triggered without any hazard in front of me. Although there had not been a warning light of a malfunction, the car had previously activated phantom emergency braking. Previously the car on several occasions the cars AEB system activated but only briefly applied the brakes before quickly disengaging and the AEB warning went away. However, this time the brakes fully activated causing the car to stop abruptly from 50-60mph to a stop. I have not yet reported the issue to the dealer and no one has yet inspected the vehicle. Although no one was hurt, this issue could have caused very serious injuries and did cause significant damage to my vehicle and the other vehicle.

The screen showing the speed and the backup can stop working at any point leading to a crash and compliance issues. It's been several months and VW still has not come up with a solution for this recall and these cars are still on the streets, hence they are a major threat to consumer safety.

I drove an ID-4 down south and preparing for right turn. Suddenly, the car was accelerating to a very high speed with the accelerator not being pressed (spontaneous acceleration). I tried hard to press the brake, but no effectiveness. Instead of turning a 90-degree angle to the west direction, the car only turned 45 degrees toward southwest, hitting the safety island and jump over the island, then crossing the eastbound road, climbing up the curb and the left side of the car hit the street tree. The car then snaked along the sidewalk and grass toward west before it stopped. The car then is pulled to the body shop (Caliber in San Jose). 1) Accelerator and brake are both failed. The car spontaneously accelerates itself and cannot be stopped even pressing the brake paddle 2) In the collision, my left shoulder and neck got hurts. 3) Not yet. The car is in the body shop. 4) The car is in the body shop. Police has seen the car. 5) No. It happened suddenly.

The contact owned a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated that while driving on a highway at a moderate speed, traffic came to a sudden halt. The vehicle's forward avoidance collision feature was activated; however, the feature did not perform at full capacity and hesitated to fully stop. The contact repeatedly pumped the brake pedal; however, the vehicle independently accelerated and crashed into the vehicle ahead which resulted in a five-vehicle accident. An unknown red warning light appeared on the instrument panel during the failure. The air bags deployed upon impact. Upon air bag deployment, the contact sustained burns to the left thumb and chest; additionally, the contact experienced soreness to the cervical spine, neck, both knees and ankles. The driver of the vehicle which the contact directly hit also sustained a sore neck but neither driver sought medical attention. The vehicle was towed to an independent mechanic where the vehicle was deemed a total loss. Before the accident, the contact stated that a software update was performed on the vehicle which changed the vehicle's driving performance. The contact also noted that while driving at 70 MPH after the software update was performed, the vehicle independently accelerated without depressing the accelerator pedal. The contact was not certain if any warning lights appeared on the instrument panel during the failure. The dealer nor the manufacturer had yet to be notified of the failure. The failure mileage was unknown.

VW issued a recall stating the following: Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021 ID.4 vehicles. Software programing may cause the high voltage (HV) battery management control module to restart or the pulse inverter to deactivate. Recall consequence: A reset or deactivation may cause a loss of drive power, increasing the risk of a crash. Recall action: Dealers will update the HV battery management control unit and the pulse inverter control unit software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed March 31, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 97ZZ. Since the notification in March, no dealer in the DC area has been certified to make the repair, and as of June 12, 2023, no shop in America is able to repair the issue due to a lack of parts.

I was attempting to trade in my Id.4 for a Tesla and found out that my car had a major safety recall from Tesla. The recall has been out since Feb and I was never notified from VW. I called the dealership and the manager said he never heard of the problem and offered no solution except there is nothing they can do. Now I have to drive myself and my family around in a car that could crash. There is no insight when a fix will happen.

My vehicle was in Travel Assist mode (i.e. Adaptive Cruise Control) traveling at around 65 MPH. A vehicle has cut into my lane and I felt that the car wouldn't slow quick enough to avoid a collision. I have applied breaks effectively taking the vehicle into my control and taking the vehicle off Travel Assist mode. When driver takes over by applying the breaks in this scenario, irrespective of how hard the breaks are applied, vehicle suddenly moves faster than expected for first few seconds. I had to apply the break harder than I would have applied if I was driving the car in manual mode to get the car to slow down.The expectation was that the vehicle slows down while applying the breaks. This would have caused a collision if I was not quick to react. There were no warning lights or messages on the dashboard prior to or during this incident. This could be a software issue which probably is conflicting between the breaks travel assist is applying and the breaking that the driver is applying. This has happened multiple time to me and on date mentioned on this my wife had same experience confirming that this is in deed an issue that needs some investigating into before it cause any accident(s).

The contact owns a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated while starting the vehicle and exiting his driveway, the "All Wheel Drive Function Disabled", "Electrical System Failure", "Rear Assist Failure" and other unknown messages were displayed. The contact stated that the vehicle hesitated to respond while depressing the accelerator pedal. The contact also stated that the vehicle was slow to get up to speed while driving on a flat road surface. Additionally, the contact stated while driving at night, the exterior lights failed to illuminate as needed. The contact veered to the side of the road, turned off, and restarted the vehicle several times; however, the exterior lights failed to operate. The contact activated the hazard light and was able to drive to his destination. The vehicle was taken to the dealer where it was diagnosed but no cause for the failure was found. The vehicle was then taken to a second dealer, Volkswagen of Smithtown (530 Jericho Turnpike, St James, NY 11780) where it was diagnosed that the Body Control Module (BCM) had failed and needed to be reprogrammed along with the vehicle key fob. The dealer completed the repair; however, the failure persisted. The contact stated while attempting to drive from a complete stop uphill, the vehicle failed to respond and started rolling backwards. The same warning messages were displayed. The contact parked and turned off the vehicle. The contact restarted the vehicle after an hour and 25 minutes and was able to continue driving. The vehicle was not repaired. The dealer was notified of the failure and informed the contact that they could not assist. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 12,500.

While driving the vehicle, error messages were displayed in the digital cluster indicating, among others, "electrical system not working, Safely stop vehicle", "I2V battery error", "Issue with all-wheel drive system", "Front/Travel Assist not working". In less than 10 seconds, the vehicle came to an unintended complete stop right as I was completing a left turn (to get the vehicle to the curb of the street) to park the car. A car was behind me and had to maneuver around me to proceed on its way. My daughter (in a child car seat in the back) and I were the only occupants and were at risk of a car collision because the car stopped moving in the middle of the road. I have now taken the car to a dealership for inspection. At the dealership, one of the representatives commented that this is not the first time they have seen this issue with this vehicle. I was less than a mile from my home when this happened. After 30 seconds of not responding, the car started operating normally as if nothing happened but still showed "electrical system not working, please service". I drove the car home. After about 30 or so minutes, I restarted the car and it operated fine and did not show any error messages. I have not been able to reproduce this issue but I have not driven it far (other than dropping it off at the dealership) due to fear of my safety.

The Driver Assistance feature of the car shuts down due to a Software error. It will eventually reset if the car is parked and turned off for a duration of 30 to 60 minutes. Some users have reported that the error does not clear without disconnecting the 12v battery. Problem first appeared in the id.4 2021 models in the summer of 2021. VW has issued a software correction for the vehicle in Europe, but that update has not been made available for the US customers. This causes the collision avoidance system to go offline and the driver is warned to drive with extreme care! In some cases the vehicle speed also stops displaying.

All of the safety systems (adaptive cruise control, lane departure, forward collision) and the speedometer all failed while driving at highway speeds. Yes the system is available for inspection, I also have pictures that I took while stopped at a traffic light. I had no safety systems available or any indication of vehicle speed while driving when the failure occurred. I have reported a similar issue with the vehicle to Volkswagen in the past and took it in for repairs in November 2021. The technician could not find any faults despite the multiple pictures of the incident occurring being sent to Volkswagen via email. The Volkswagen case ID for the previous failure of the safety systems was #04978574. The emails are attached to this report. The vehicle was inspected by Fitzgerald Volkswagen in Annapolis, Maryland on 11/29/2021 during a previous report of systems on the vehicle failing randomly. There were warning lights and messages on the heads up display. I have pictures showing this occurring.

1. I picked up new ID.4 from the dealer on 10/01/2021. On 10/02/22, Electrical System Malfunction messages appeared on the infotainment, telling me to take it in for immediate repairs. The problem was taken care of. I was not told what was wrong. 2. On 11/10/2021, while pulling into a parking space in a lot at a cemetery, the car bolted forward and became unresponsive. I could not stop it, I could not steer it. It felt like it was driving itself. I destroyed a bench, some bushes, and some of the turf. The car had to be towed to a VW dealer affiliated collision center. The car was there for over two months and was returned to the dealership for "further diagnosis". In the end, I was told that it had been "driver error", and I was assured the car was 100% safe to drive. I was never told what was done. The insurance payment for the damage was over $9000. 3. On 06/02/2022, I had the same acceleration issue. This time I was pulling over to a curb in a residential neighborhood (25 mph speed limit). I was using mode "B", regenerative braking. My foot was not on the accelerator. The car bolted forward and hit a parked Ford F150 in the backend. The force was so great, that the F150's rear end was lifted off the ground. You would think that crash would have stopped the ID.4. Instead, the vehicle swerved to the left, shot across the street and ended on a stranger's front yard, destroying his tree and landscaping. The car suddenly stopped, stuck in the landscape rocks. The vehicle then just shut itself off and became totally unresponsive. My wife was slightly injured, even though she had her seatbelt on. She could not open the door to get out and climbed out the driver's door. The car was towed to the dealer, insurance claim was filed. Preliminary estimates of damage- ID.4, F150, landscaping is over $17,000. My wife is petrified about riding in the car. I want VW to repurchase or terminate my lease. The car has only 6000 miles!

The stability control actives inappropriately in low speed corners, slowing the car down because it's activating the brakes. This is a known issue on AWD (dual motor) ID.4 and VW dealers have said VW is aware of it and confirmed it on road testing for multiple owners (see below). I would not call it a major/dire safety issue, but it limits forward momentum, which could be an issue in emergency maneuver, and could cause unintended slowing that may increase risk of rear end collision. It is unknown what effect inappropriate brake application could have in slippery conditions. I am one of the first AWD owners in the USA and started a discussion on the problem: https://www.vwidtalk.com/threads/esc-activating-in-off-ramp.3808/page-4 Subsequently, many AWD owners have noted the same glitch. It is believed to be a software glitch (one of many in this car).

Th contact owned a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated that while driving at approximately 50 MPH on a freeway, traffic seemed to be slowing down. The contact stated that when he depressed the brake pedal, his vehicle did not respond to the brakes causing his vehicle to crash in the rear of another vehicle. The contact stated that the air bags did not deploy at the time, however, he did not sustain any injuries nor did the person in the other vehicle. The contact stated that there was no police report filed. The vehicle was towed to the dealer where he was advised that his vehicle had been classified as a total loss. The contact stated that he felt as though there was not that much damage to his vehicle, however, he was advised that the damages were too expensive to repair. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was 8,000

The contact owns a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated that after he parked and secured his vehicle to proceed into his residence, he later found out that the vehicle had unintendedly rolled backward out of the driveway. The contact stated that the vehicle did not crash into any objects. The contact stated that the vehicle stopped without driver assistance. The manufacturer was made aware of the failure and an appointment was scheduled with a dealer. The approximate failure mileage was 4,000.

Pulling into a parking space, using reiterative braking (B Mode). When applying brakes, car bolted and could not be controlled. It jumped a curb and drove straight toward a building. Brakes would not respond. Steering would not respond. I managed to steer the car avoiding the building but taking down a bench and ripping up the turf in front of the building. Car made a complete u-turn before coming to a stop. At that point, all electrical systems shut down, including the outside mirrors--they retracted. There was damage to exterior of the car-- a torn side molding and scratches and minor dents from bushes and the bench that was destroyed. The infotainment completely shut down. when I finally was able to restart the car, the systems came back on slowly, one at time. The car was towed by VW Roadside Assistance to a collision center for body repairs. It will be towed to the dealership after body repairs to diagnose the problem. I did not want to drive the car, not knowing if it is safe to drive. I had to file an insurance claim for the damage to the car and to the property that was damaged in the process. No other cars were damaged.

After receiving a service on the vehicle, I pulled out of the dealership and went left to go up a slight hill, I got half way out and the accelerator pedal would not work. I pushed down to the ground and the car would not go. There was a car coming towards me and swerved to avoid me after a second it kicked back in. This hasn’t happened since, and I have heard of this happening after a service appointment from another owner. Note this has not happened since. No warning lamps or other messages. I scanned the car with OBD device and no warnings found. Car is available for inspection upon request. This impacts safety as after service the car should not have any acceleration issues, in this scenario if the car will not go, there is a potential of a crash.

We vehicle is stopped in any type of grade (hill, incline, or decline) when releasing the break pedal the vehicle will roll in the direction of the grade, power must be immediately applied to prevent roll. This could potentially cause a crash if a vehicle is behind/in front of another. The system should employ an auto hold type of grade breaking system. Vehicle has not been inspected, and is available upon request. This can be reproduced.

While operating the vehicle at stop lights on a grade or any situation the vehicle stops on a grade when releasing the brake the vehicle rolls back potentially causing a collision. Power must immediately be applied in these situations.